Environmental Factors Causing Stress in Avicennia marina Mangrove in Rabigh Lagoon Along the Red Sea: Based on a Multi-Approach Study

Lagoons along the Red Sea are socio-economically important but most vulnerable ecosystems. Strong evaporation, strengthened due to global warming, leads high salinity and temperature in surface water, which exacerbate physiological stress mangroves. Rabigh Lagoon is characterized by unusually large spatial differences nutrient dynamics physicochemical parameters. We conducted a multi-approach study demonstrate how environmental factors cause growth retardation There were significant variations ( P < 0.05) water salinities temperatures, nitrogen phosphorus abundance sediments, antioxidants mangroves among 8 sites across lagoon. Salinity rapidly increased from northern where seawater enters southern end, dissolved oxygen declined. High (44.9), (28.8°C) relatively nutrients at end of lagoon (S8) corresponded concentrations antioxidants. ? 13 C (?12.4‰) 15 N (4.9‰) sediments S8 also reveal level stagnant camel grazing, runoff bringing fertilizer agriculture activities catchments during seasonal flooding events. Principal component analyses showed that limitation entrance leading for mangrove stress, while salinity, temperature, low predominant